Gross profit and gross mixed income Goskomstat. Methodological explanations. Gross profit and gross mixed income
Topic 12. Statistics of macroeconomic calculations. system of national accounts
Concept and structure of the System of National Accounts (SNA)
System of National Accounts can be defined as a system for calculating macroeconomic indicators, presented in the form of a certain set of interconnected accounts, classifications and balance sheets.
The SNA was created more than 50 years ago in countries with the most developed market economies to analyze its structure, institutions and functioning mechanisms at the macroeconomic level. The term “national accounting” itself was proposed by the Dutch economist W. Cliff.
In the former USSR, a different system of indicators was used to describe and analyze macroeconomics - balance of national economy (BNH), intended primarily to analyze an economic model based on public ownership and central planning. The transition to a market economy caused the need to transition from the BNK to the system of national accounts throughout the former USSR (in the Russian Federation, the transition to the SNA was carried out in 1993).
The SNA is a modern information system that provides interconnected information on macroeconomic indicators by government bodies for the formation of socio-economic policy and regulation of the economy as a whole. In order for the SNA to be effective and contribute to the identification of macroeconomic patterns and relationships, a number of important provisions are observed in world practice.
Firstly, the SNA uses a broader interpretation of economic production (in the BNK, only material production was included in the sphere of economic production).
According to the SNA methodology, economic production includes all types of activities for the production of goods and services:
production of goods, including goods for own consumption, except for services provided by housewives for cooking, cleaning, raising children;
production of market services for sale;
activities of financial intermediaries (banks, investment funds, insurance companies);
production of non-market services by public administration institutions (structures of legislative and executive power, defense, health care services, education, etc.);
provision of non-market services by non-profit organizations serving households;
provision of services by hired servants (cooks, drivers, gardeners);
provision of services by homeowners for their own consumption;
activities aimed at protecting the environment.
The second important provision of the SNA methodology concerns the content of such a category as income (the concept was developed by the English economist J. Hicks), according to which income represents the maximum amount of money, spending which on consumer goods and services does not reduce your accumulated wealth and does not accept any financial obligations, i.e. don't become poorer.
The third provision concerns the reduction of a variety of economic entities to five relatively homogeneous groups, for which a standard set of accounts is provided in which economic transactions related to the formation, production, distribution, redistribution of income, accumulation and saving, the acquisition of financial assets and the assumption of financial obligations are recorded.
Since 1993, the following five sectors have been considered such sectors, each of which can include economic entities in accordance with their function in the economic process:
non-financial corporations and quasi-corporations(function of production of goods and non-financial services);
financial corporations and quasi-corporations(the function of accumulating free financial resources and providing them to investors under certain conditions);
public administration(function of redistribution of national income and wealth, provision of free services);
households(function of purchasing goods and services on the market, providing labor);
non-profit organizations, serving households(social, political, religious organizations whose function is to provide free services to members of these organizations).
In addition to analyzing the information contained in sectoral accounts, an analysis of the relationship between them in the economic process is carried out. And finally, important accounts (production account and income generation account) are compiled in the SNA for individual sectors of the economy (industry, agriculture, construction, etc.).
Thus, on the basis of sectoral accounts, accounts for economic sectors are compiled macroeconomic calculations.
The purpose of macroeconomic calculations within the framework of the SNA is a description of general indicators of the main economic flows for a certain period, the formation and interconnection of which constitute the essence of the structure of the SNA.
Under economic flows refers to the creation, transformation, exchange, transfer of value. Economic flows can lead to changes in the volume, composition, value of assets and liabilities of the so-called institutional units, which are understood as legal or natural persons, organizations and institutions that have the ability and right to carry out transactions in the process of production, distribution, redistribution and use of income, set accounts or the possibility of their preparation.
Economic flows by mutual agreement in the SNA system are called economic transactions. Economic transactions are carried out with compensation in the form counter flows(in return for the goods, services, labor or assets provided, compensation is provided, again in the form of goods, services, etc.). If economic transactions are carried out without compensation (payment of pensions, scholarships, humanitarian aid, etc.), then such economic transactions are called transfers.
The basis of the SNA structure is accounts and balance sheets.
The account reflects the transactions, assets or liabilities of business units, is a two-sided table, where equality between amounts is achieved using balancing item, which is a macroeconomic indicator. Balancing items make it possible to move from one account to another and link accounts into a single system. In the structures of the SNA, the following groups of accounts are distinguished, which are developed in current prices.
Domestic economy account group generally:
account of production of goods and services;
income generation account;
income distribution account:
a) primary income distribution account;
b) secondary distribution of income account;
national disposable income account;
accumulation account (capital account).
Group of accounts of economic sectors:
production account by industry;
income generation account by industry.
Group of foreign economic relations accounts("the rest of the world"):
current account;
capital expenditure account;
financial account.
Based on an interconnected system of indicators, combined into accounts and compiled in a certain sequence, it is possible to obtain an interconnected, comprehensive quantitative characteristic of economic processes as a whole, i.e. get the so called consolidated accounts.
System of indicators and general principles for constructing the SNA
The system is a set of indicators that are interrelated, complement each other and are calculated on the basis of common methodological principles. This system of indicators is the most important macroeconomic indicators (aggregates) used in the SNA:
When compiling national accounts, it is necessary to adhere to generally accepted principles, among which the following can be highlighted.
(accounting principle) - each operation in the SNA is reflected twice: in the “Use” section of the previous account and in the “Resources” section of the subsequent account. Additional control is ensured by the fact that each item in one account has a corresponding item in another account, which contributes to the linking of accounts.
Corresponding to the sequence of the reproduction cycle (production, education of income, distribution of income, use of income).
Balance principle(registration of all economic flows in the form of balance sheets).
Where we are talking about the fact that balancing items are, first of all, calculation categories intended not only to ensure a balance between the volume of resources and their use, but also to characterize the results of a particular economic process, which allows them to be considered the most important macroeconomic indicators.
“T”: All accounts consist of two sections (columns), the right one includes “Resources”, and the left one includes “Usage”.
For the SNA, it is very important that each account has its own balancing item, which is presented in Table 1 for clarity. 12.1.
Table 12.1
Table of accounts and balancing items
| Current account | |
| Production account | Gross Domestic Product (GDP)(for the national economy) and gross value added (GVA)(for sectors of the national economy) |
| Education Income Account | Gross profit (GP) And gross mixed income(for the national economy and for sectors of the national economy) |
| Gross National Income (GNI)(for national economy) and balance of primary income (BPI)(for sect. national economy) | |
| Secondary Distribution Account | (for the national economy) and gross disposable income (GDI)(for sectors of the national economy) |
| Revenue Use Account | Gross Savings (GNS)(for the national economy and for sectors of the national economy) |
Table 12.2
Main summary accounts
| Consolidated account | Usage | Resources |
| Production account | 3. Intermediate consumption 5. GDP (gross domestic product at market prices) (5 = 1 + 2 – 3 – 4) |
1. Release of goods and services 2. Net taxes on products 4. Subsidies |
| Education Income Account | 2. Payment of employees 3. Taxes on production and imports including: taxes on products other taxes on production 5. Gross profit and gross mixed income (5 = 1 – 2 – 3 + 4) |
1. GDP at market prices 4. Subsidies for production and imports |
| Primary income distribution account | 5. Property income transferred to the "rest of the world" 6. Gross National Income (GNI) (balance of primary income) (6 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 – 5) |
1. Gross profit and gross mixed income 2. Payment of employees 3. Net taxes on production and imports 4. Property income received from the "rest of the world" |
| Secondary Distribution Account | 3. Current transfers transferred to the “rest of the world” 4. Gross National Disposable Income (GNIDI) (4 = 1 + 2 – 3) |
1. Gross National Income (GNI) 2. Current transfers received from the “rest of the world” |
| Gross National Disposable Income Utilization Account | 2. Final consumption expenditures including: households government agencies non-profit organizations serving households 3. Gross National Savings (GNS) (3 = 1 – 2) |
1. Gross National Disposable Income (GNIDI) |
From the table 12.2 shows that national accounts are actually being built:
1) in a certain sequence of the reproductive cycle;
2) have a “T” shape;
3) each item of one account has a corresponding item in another account;
4) the principle of double entry is observed;
5) in general, the SNA is considered as a balance method;
6) a quantitative connection is made between the most important indicators.
Methods for calculating GDP and income indicators
Gross domestic product and gross national income are the most important indicators macroeconomic statistics, since these indicators reflect the final results of economic activity in the country as a whole and play a large role in the system of national accounts.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- is the central indicator of the SNA, an indicator of industrial domestic product produced by residents of a country over a certain period of time. It is calculated in market prices of final consumption, i.e. at prices paid by the buyer, including taxes on products and all trade and transport margins. GDP is used to characterize the level of economic development, rate of economic growth, etc.
The GDP per capita indicator is used to compare the levels of well-being of countries, to establish the size of a country's contributions to the budgets of international organizations, and to decide on the provision of various types of assistance to countries.
A summary indicator of income at the macro level is gross national income (GNI), which is the sum of primary income received by residents of a given country for a certain period as a result of their participation in the creation of GDP. In quantitative terms, GNI differs from GDP in the balance of primary income coming from abroad or transferred abroad.
There are three main methods for statistically assessing GDP and income income: production, distribution and end-use method, i.e. GDP can be considered at the production stage, at the stage of income generation and at the stage of use of income.
Production method
GDP at the production stage characterizes the measurement of the value created in the production process over a certain period of time by residents of a given country. This method of calculating GDP is based on the following indicators: output of goods and services (B); intermediate consumption (IC) and gross value added (GVA).
Output (B) represents the value of all goods and services produced in the current period, which is usually calculated in the SNA in basic prices. The cost of goods produced includes the cost of goods and services used in the production process. If it is necessary to obtain newly created value in the production process in the current period, intermediate consumption (IC) is subtracted from the output of goods and services.
Under intermediate consumption refers to the cost of goods and services that are completely consumed or transformed in a given period in the process of producing other goods and services. Intermediate consumption includes material costs (raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, material services, construction materials, purchase of food, etc.), payment for intangible services (payment for research and design work, financial services, costs for personnel training, legal fees). services, audit, advertising costs, rental payments, etc.), business travel expenses, and other elements of intermediate consumption.
Intermediate consumption does not include consumption of fixed capital, as well as expenses not directly related to the production of goods and services. PP is assessed at the time the relevant goods and services enter production at market prices.
The difference between the output of goods and services (B) and intermediate consumption (IC) is called gross value added (GVA):
(12.1)
To calculate GDP at market prices, gross value added is increased by the amount of taxes on products and imports and decreased by the amount of subsidies on products and imports:
GDP = GVA + Taxes on products and imports - Subsidies on products and imports. (12.2)
For determining national income(ND) GDP should be reduced by the consumption of fixed assets (depreciation) and increased by the balance of primary income from abroad:
ND = GDP - Consumption of fixed assets (depreciation) + Balance of primary income receipts from abroad (12.3)
Distribution method
This method of calculating GDP is considered in the process of generating income (by source of income). At the stage of income generation, GDP is calculated as the sum of primary incomes, which are subject to distribution among direct participants in the production process. These incomes are included in the value added of the current period created in the production process.
TO primary income include the following:
remuneration of employees (wages + employer contributions for social needs);
taxes on production and imports (mandatory gratuitous non-refundable payments);
subsidies for production and imports (current gratuitous non-refundable payments provided by the government);
gross profit and gross mixed income (the part of gross value added that remains with producers after subtracting expenses associated with paying employees and paying taxes on production and imports).
The distribution method of calculating GDP is used primarily to analyze its cost structure. If we add to GDP the primary income received from the rest of the world and subtract the primary income transferred to the rest of the world, the result is the country's gross national income (GNI) at market prices.
End use method
At the stage of using income, GDP is calculated using the final use method, where it is the sum of residents’ expenditures on final consumption of goods and services, gross capital formation and the balance of exports-imports and services. actual final consumption refers to the cost of goods and services actually consumed, regardless of any sources of financing. It includes:
actual final consumption of households;
actual final consumption of government agencies.
In addition to final consumption expenditure, the most important component of the final use of GDP is gross capital formation.
Gross accumulation includes:
gross formation of fixed capital (investment of funds by resident units in objects of fixed capital in order to obtain benefits, which is expressed in an increase in the value of fixed capital);
increase in inventories of working capital (increase in inventories of raw materials, finished products, work in progress, goods for resale, state material reserves).
Balance of export-import and services covers the export-import transactions of a given country with all other countries and represents the difference between exports and imports of goods and services in domestic prices.
So, GDP when calculated using the final use method is equal to
GDP = Final consumption + Gross capital formation + Balance of exports-imports and services. (12.4)
When calculating national income (NI) using the final use method, consumption of fixed assets is subtracted from GDP and the balance of primary income receipts from abroad is added:
Deflation method, which is based on the use of price indices (most often the Laspeyres formula is used, where data from the base period is used as weights).Double deflation method(a method of sequential deflation of first output, then intermediate consumption, while value added in constant prices is assessed as the difference between output and intermediate consumption determined in constant prices).
The essence of the deflation method is that when calculating the volume of output of the current period in constant prices, the GDP deflator index is used, which is calculated by correlating the volume of GDP of a given period, respectively, in current and constant prices:
(12.6)
Where 
- the volume of GDP of the current period in actual prices.
Then, to calculate the volume of production of the current period in constant prices, the volume of produced or consumed products of the current period in actual prices is divided by the corresponding price deflator index.
Extrapolation method, based on the use of physical volume indices, is used in the absence of information on prices, but there is data on changes in the volume of output or services provided.
Hence,
gross economic profit and grossmixed income+ net indirect taxes + wages ( wage).
Gross mixed income – This analogue gross profit for unincorporated businesses, but including remuneration for mine labor (since the owners themselves work). Also includes consumption of fixed capital.
That., All factor income, excluding wages and salaries are part of gross profit and gross mixed income. This is about arrived corporations , non-corporate sector income , property income .
Property income – this is income from the provision of a loan or lease of financial (money, credit) or material assets (real estate): interest and rental income .
That., gross economic profit and grossmixed income include:
corporate profits;
income of non-corporate producers;
interest and rental income;
consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) .
Let's return to analysis three statistical methods for calculating GDP and show their connection with two ways to calculate GDP.
1). Production method– value added method of calculation. Calculated as the sum of added values by industry (third quadrant of the interindustry balance).
In Russia this method is the main one.
2). End use method (by expenses– second quadrant of the inter-industry balance).
From economic theory it is known that GDP by expenditure consists of the following components:
GDP =C + Ig + G + Xn, Where
C– personal consumption expenses.
Ig - gross investment(in the Russian SNA they are part of “Gross accumulation”).
Gross Investment - expenses of domestic firms for the purchase and creation of fixed capital to reimburse consumed fixed capital, as well as to increase fixed capital and increase inventory,
those. This gross domestic private investment. This includes all private construction, including residential construction, as well as inventory growth.
(In SNA Russia gross investment are part of gross capital formation . IN gross capital formation Russian SNA includes expenses for the purchase and creation of fixed capital all sectors including the public sector , and clean acquisition of valuables – precious metals, jewelry, antiques, art objects, previously included in personal consumption - WITH (clean means: cost of purchases minus sales).
Net investment measures the increase in the stock of capital (and inventories) in the economy.
Ig - D = In, Where
D – depreciation (fixed capital consumed),
In - pure investment.
G - government expenditures on the purchase of goods and services.
(The SNA of Russia includes government expenditures and expenditures non-profit organizations serving households(NPISH or NOOSH), for the purchase of consumer goods and services, but does not include government investment expenditures, which, as noted above, are included in “Gross Capital Formation”).
Xn(Net exports) = X – I.M.. (Export minus import).
3). Distribution method (by income). Calculated by summing the following components:
Payment for hired labor (all forms: wages, bonuses, etc., including payments in kind, as well as social security contributions).
Net indirect taxes – government income.
Gross profit of the economy and gross mixed income, Where,except corporate profits and income of non-corporate producers, included (!) depreciationDand property income (interest and rental income).
As we see, the calculation GDP by income in its economic essence it comes down to the (statistical) method of calculating value added.
IMPORTANT: calculation using all three methodsstatistically will never give the same result. However, in macroeconomics (in theory) we assume that botheconomic methods of calculating GDP give the same result:
GDP by expenditure = GDP by income.
This conclusion, as is known, follows from the analysis of GDP turnover and is called basic macroeconomic identity.
The System of National Accounts (SNA) is a system of interrelated indicators used to describe and analyze macroeconomic processes in more than 150 countries with market economies.
The key indicator of the system is gross domestic product (GDP), characterizing the cost of goods and services produced in the country in all sectors of the economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and export (less imports).
GDP can be calculated by three methods: the production method, the method of using income and the method of forming GDP by source of income.
When calculated using the production method, GDP is defined as the difference between the output of goods and services in the country as a whole, on the one hand, and intermediate consumption, on the other, or as the sum of added values created in sectors of the economy. At the same time, the volumes of added value by industry are calculated in basic prices, i.e. do not include taxes on products, but do include subsidies on products. To calculate GDP at market prices, net (less subsidies) taxes on products must be added.
Gross domestic product, calculated using the income method, represents the sum of expenditures of all institutional units - residents of a given country on final consumption, gross capital formation and net exports.
The formation of gross domestic product by income source reflects the primary income created in the production process by all institutional units grouped into economic sectors. In this calculation, gross profit (gross mixed income) is a balancing item and is defined as the difference between gross domestic product calculated by the production method at market prices, wages and net taxes on production and imports.
This method is used by Rosstat only to analyze the cost structure of GDP, and not to determine its nominal volume or dynamics.
The boundaries of production in the SNA include hidden production (economic activity permitted by law, but hidden or downplayed for the purpose of tax evasion, etc.), as well as informal production - production activity unincorporated household enterprises that are not subject to direct statistical observation. Currently, informal production includes production unincorporated enterprises with market products and products for their own use.
Production in the SNA is characterized by indicators of output, intermediate consumption and gross domestic product.
Release represents the total cost of goods and services resulting from the production activities of resident units of the economy in the reporting period.
Current prices may be core or market prices. Basic prices are those that include subsidies on products, but do not include taxes on products. It is customary to calculate output by industry in basic prices. Market prices, on the other hand, include taxes on products but do not include subsidies. Market prices are used to calculate output and gross domestic product at the level of the economy as a whole.
Intermediate consumption consists of the cost of goods and services that are transformed or completely consumed during the production process in the reporting period.
Gross value added is calculated at the level of economic sectors as the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption. The term “gross” indicates that the indicator is determined before deducting consumption of fixed capital.
Net taxes on production and imports include taxes on products and imports and other taxes on production. The term “net” in this case means that taxes are shown minus related subsidies. Subsidies are current uncompensated payments from the state budget to enterprises, provided they produce a certain type of product or service.
Product taxes include taxes, the amount of which directly depends on the cost of products produced and services provided. Taxes on products include: value added tax, excise taxes, taxes on imported goods and services, etc.
Production taxes- these are taxes associated with the use of factors of production (labor, land, capital), as well as payments for licenses and permission to engage in any activity or other mandatory payments, the payment of which is necessary for the activities of a resident producing unit. They do not include any taxes on profits or other income received by the enterprise. These include: enterprise property tax, land tax, transport tax (legal entities and individual entrepreneurs), license fees and some others.
Gross domestic product at the production stage is obtained by summing gross value added by industry at basic prices plus net taxes on products.
Remuneration of employees represents remuneration in cash or in kind paid by an employer to an employee for work performed during the reporting period.
It is accounted for on an accrued basis and includes income taxes and other payments that are payable by employees, even if they are actually withheld by employers for administrative purposes or for other reasons, and are paid directly to social insurance authorities, tax authorities on behalf of the employee .
Remuneration of employees includes wages and employers' contributions to social insurance funds.
Wages in national accounts include hidden wages.
Gross (net) profit and gross (net) mixed income represent that part of the added value that remains with producers after deducting the costs associated with paying employees and net taxes on production and imports. This item measures the profit (or loss) generated from production before property income is taken into account. Gross profit in the SNA, in contrast to the indicator of profit from sales reflected in accounting, does not contain elements of wages, excess payments for travel, entertainment and other expenses, profits generated by asset owners as a result of rising prices, and includes the consumption of fixed assets capital equal to the valuation of the decrease during the reporting period in the current value of fixed assets owned and used by producers as a result of physical wear and tear, normal obsolescence or natural accidental damage.
Net profit equals gross profit minus consumption of fixed capital.
For unincorporated enterprises owned by households, this article contains an element of remuneration for work that cannot be separated from the income of the owner or entrepreneur. In this case, it is called mixed income.
Final consumption consists of expenditures on final consumption of households, expenditures of government on individual goods and services and collective services, expenditures on final consumption of non-profit organizations serving households.
Household final consumption expenditure include household expenses for the purchase of consumer goods and services in all trade organizations, in markets and through unorganized trade, organizations of consumer and housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications, hotels, cultural institutions, healthcare, education, etc., as well as the cost of goods and services consumed in kind, produced for own final use, received as wages or humanitarian aid.
for individual goods and services consist of general government expenditures on consumer goods and services intended for individual consumption. Such expenses are financed from the state budget and extra-budgetary funds from funds received from the collection of taxes and from other state revenues. These expenses include the expenses of organizations providing free (for the population) services in the field of education, health care, and culture.
Government expenses for collective services. This indicator differs from the previous one in that it takes into account services provided at the expense of the state budget by organizations that satisfy the needs not of individual households, but of society as a whole. This indicator includes expenditures on defense, general public administration, as well as expenditures on non-market science, services of organizations serving agriculture and others.
Final consumption expenditures of non-profit organizations serving households- expenses of public organizations (political parties, religious organizations, trade unions, public associations), in relation to which it is conventionally considered that they provide only individual goods and services. This also includes the cost of non-market services provided by independent socio-cultural divisions of corporations and quasi-corporations to your employees.
Gross accumulation for the economy as a whole, it shows the net acquisition by resident units of goods and services produced or imported in the current period, but not consumed in it. Gross formation includes gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and net acquisitions of valuables.
Net exports of goods and services is calculated as the difference between exports and imports and includes the turnover of Russian trade with non-CIS countries and the CIS.
Statistical discrepancy between gross domestic product produced and used shows the discrepancy between GDP values calculated in different ways: as the sum of gross value added and as the sum of final consumption, savings and net exports.
GDP, calculated using the income method, represents the sum of final consumption expenditures (FCS) of all economic sectors (non-financial enterprises, financial institutions, government agencies, non-profit organizations serving households, households), gross capital formation (GC) and net exports of goods and services , which represents the difference between exports and imports (E - I), plus the statistical difference between gross domestic product produced and used:
GDPat market prices=RKP+VN+(E-I)+SR. (12.7)
Final consumption consists of final consumption expenditures of households, final consumption expenditures of government institutions that satisfy the individual and collective needs of households and society as a whole, as well as final consumption expenditures of non-profit organizations (NPOs) serving households. This grouping shows who finances final consumption expenditures. Final consumption can also be defined as actual final consumption.
Gross accumulation consists of gross accumulation of fixed assets, changes in inventories and net acquisition of valuables (purchases minus sales).
Net exports is calculated in domestic prices as the difference between exports and imports and includes the turnover of Russian trade with foreign countries, including the CIS.
The statistical discrepancy between gross domestic product produced and used is a specific indicator used in the SNA to generally assess the quality of calculations. It shows the discrepancy between GDP values calculated in different ways: as the sum of gross value added at the production stage and as the sum of final consumption and accumulation at the use stage. Discrepancies can arise due to many objective and subjective reasons. Among the main reasons for the emergence of statistical discrepancies, one should note the lack of necessary information, certain methodological difficulties associated with the transitional nature of the modern Russian economy and the general incompleteness of the system of national accounts. In international practice, it is generally accepted that the acceptable level of error is a statistical discrepancy of up to 5% of GDP. In countries with a developed statistical service, such deviations are insignificant and at the GDP level, as a rule, do not exceed 1-2%. According to this criterion, the quality of the Russian SNA is satisfactory; in 1998 the statistical discrepancy was 0.47%.
Calculation of GDP using the distribution method (by source of income)
The method of generating GDP by sources of income is one of those methods for calculating GDP used by the State Statistics Committee of Russia as part of calculations according to the SNA. However, it is not independent, since not all income indicators are obtained by direct counting; some of them are calculated by the balance sheet method.
The formation of gross domestic product by source of income reflects primary income received by units directly involved in production, as well as government bodies (public sector organizations) and non-profit organizations serving households.
Stage of income generation in SNA characterized by the following indicators.
Remuneration of hired workers (OT) determined by the sum of all remunerations in cash or in kind paid by the employer to employees for work performed during the reporting period, plus hidden wages.
Gross profit of the economy(VPE) And gross mixed income (VAD) represent that part of value added (VVA) that remains with producers after deducting the costs associated with remuneration of employees and taxes on production and imports (NPI) plus received subsidies for production and imports (Sp. And).
These ratios measure the profit (loss) earned from production before deducting explicit or hidden interest costs, rent, or other income from the property.
For non-corporate businesses owned by households, these measures contain an element of remuneration for work that cannot be separated from the income of the owner or entrepreneur. In this case they are called mixed income.
Property income includes income received or paid by institutional units in connection with the provision of financial assets, land and other non-financial assets (subsoil and other natural assets, patents, licenses, etc.) for use.
Indicator of gross profit of the economy (GPE) and gross mixed income (VSD) is calculated on a balance sheet basis and is determined at current prices:
VPE = GVA - OT - CHNPI = GVA - OT - (NPI - Sp.i). (12.8)
The net profit of the economy (NPE) and net mixed income (NII) equal gross profit minus consumption of fixed capital (CC):
TEE=TPE-POK. (12.9)
Consumption of fixed capital (CFC) represents a decrease in the value of capital during the reporting period as a result of its physical wear and tear and accidental damage.
Unfortunately, accounting data on the consumption of fixed capital do not satisfy the requirements of the SNA, since they are usually valued at the so-called initial cost, and not at replacement cost, as recommended in the SNA. Therefore, the correct determination of expenses for consumption of fixed capital should be based on the so-called “perpetual inventory” method.
GDP = OT + CHNPI + GPE = OT + (NPI - Sp.i) + VPE. (12.10)
EXAMPLE. The following data are available for 1998 for the Russian Federation (in current prices), million rubles:
1.Output in basic prices................................................... ............... 4,618,675.4
2.Intermediate consumption (including indirectly measured financial intermediation services)..................................................…… …..... 2,148,410.6
3.Taxes on products................................................... ...............................305 304.1
4. Subsidies for products................................................... ...................91,050.3
5-Final consumption expenditures.................................................... .....2 048 256.2
Including:
Households........................................................ ........................1 507370.4
Government institutions........................................................ ............ 485,933.2
Non-profit organizations serving households
6.Gross accumulation.................................................... ........................438 049.1
Including:
Gross fixed capital formation...................................................471,723.5
Change in inventories.........33,674.4
7.Export of goods and services................................................. ...........................853,990.5
8.Import of goods and services................................................. ...........................643 06.7
9.Statistical discrepancies.................................................... ..............12,690.5
10. Remuneration of employees.................................................... ..1 323 403.5
11. Taxes on production and imports.................................................... .......492,697.0
12. Subsidies for production.................................................. ...................96,652.1
Define:
1) gross added value:
a) in basic prices;
b) at market prices;
2) gross profit of the economy and gross mixed income.
3) gross domestic product at market prices:
a) production method;
b) method of using income;
c) distribution method (By sources of income).
Solution:
1. a) GVA in basic prices=B in basic prices-PP including indirectly measured financial intermediation services;
GVA in basic prices= 4,618,675.4-2,148,410.6 = 2,470,264.8 million rubles
b) GVA in market prices = GVA in basic prices + (NNP) in basic prices=
= GVA in basic prices+ NP - Sp = 2,470,264.8 + 305,304.1 - 91030.3 =
RUB 2,684,538.6 million
2. VPE(VSD) = GVA - OT - ChNPI = GVA - OT - (NPI - Sp.i) =
2,684,538.6 - 1,323,403.5 - (492697.0 - 96652.1) = 965090.2 million rubles.
3. a) GDP = S GVA in market prices= 2,684,538.6 million rubles.
L-l - in market prices " "
b) GDP = RCP + VN + (E - I) + SR = 2,048,256.2 + 438,049.1 + (853,990.5 -- 643,066.7) + (-12,680.5) = 2,684 RUB 538.6 million
c) GDP = FROM + NPI + VPE = FROM + (NPI - Sp.i) + VPE =
1,323,403.5 + (4,92,697.0 - 96,652.1) + 965,090.2 = 2,684,538.6 million rubles.
12.2.2. Nominal and real gross domestic product. GDP deflator index
Inflation (a rise in the average price level in an economy) and deflation (a decrease in the average price level) complicate the calculation of gross domestic product because GDP is a monetary, time, and quantitative measure. For example, it is difficult to answer the question of whether 4% GDP growth is caused by a 4% increase in output with zero inflation, or is it caused by 4% inflation with unchanged output, or some other combination of changes in output and the price level (for example, 2% production growth and 2% inflation). The problem is to adjust the monetary (time, quantity) indicator so that it accurately reflects changes in physical volume, or the number of units, rather than price fluctuations.
The GDP measure that reflects current prices is called nominal GDP (not adjusted for price levels). Nominal GDP reflects the volume of production expressed in prices prevailing at the point in time when that volume was produced.
The GDP indicator taking into account price changes (adjusted for inflation and deflation) is called real GDP . The process of adjusting nominal GDP for inflation or deflation is simple. For this purpose, the GDP price index, which is a GDP deflator, is used.
The deflator index (DIDP) is the ratio of GDP calculated in current prices to the volume of GDP calculated in comparable prices of the previous period. Unlike the price index for goods and services, the GDP deflator characterizes changes in wages, profits (including mixed income) and consumption of fixed capital as a result of changes in prices, as well as the nominal mass of net taxes. The Russian GDP deflator index in 1998 (to the level of GDP in 1997) was 1.1 times, and therefore real GDP in 1998 was equal to:
2,684,538.6: 1.1 = 2,440,489.6 billion rubles.
The GDP deflator index can be used to inflate (increase the monetary value of GDP taking into account price movements) or deflate (lower the monetary expression of GDP taking into account price movements) the nominal GDP indicator. The result of such an adjustment is that we get real GDP for each year.
The simplest and most direct method of deflating or inflating nominal GDP in a given year is to divide nominal GDP by the GDP deflator. In equation form this can be written as follows:
Real GDP = (12.11)
Real GDP measures the value of total domestic output across years, assuming a constant price level from the base year throughout the period under consideration. Thus, real GDP shows the market value of each year's output measured in constant prices, i.e. in rubles, which have the same purchasing power as in the base year.
Real GDP is a more accurate indicator of the functioning of the economy compared to nominal GDP. It is generally accepted that if the annual growth rate of real GDP exceeds 4%, then the state of the economy can be considered positive, and a growth in real GDP below 4% should cause alarm, as this indicates a decline in production, rising unemployment, and destabilization of the economy.
Knowing the values of real GDP for a number of periods allows us to study the dynamics of GDP by calculating its physical volume indices.
Indices of physical volume of Russia's gross domestic product(gross domestic product at constant prices, as a percentage of the previous year) in 1991-1998:
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
95,0 85,5 91,3 87,3 95,9 96,6 100,9 95,4
This series characterizes the annual change in the physical volume of GDP.
Since gross domestic product does not include receipts from international transactions, this indicator is widely used to compare the levels of economic development of different countries. The measure of national well-being is the gross domestic product per capita . And gross domestic product per employee or hour worked is, according to Western experts, the best measure of labor productivity .
The physical volume of the Russian Federation's GDP in 1996 was equal to 7.42% of the US GDP. The Russian Federation's GDP production per capita in 1998 amounted (at market prices) to 18,274.7 rubles. (or 24.2% of the US equivalent).
Gross regional product(GRP) is a general indicator of the economic activity of the region, characterizing the process of production of goods and services.
GRP is defined as the sum of newly created values, sectors of the regional economy for a certain period.
GDP is greater than the sum of gross regional products for Russia, since in addition to it it includes added value that relates to the country as a whole and is not distributed among individual regions.
Gross National Income(GNI) - the amount of primary income of resident units. Introduced into the SNA in 1993, it is numerically close to the GDP indicator, but the term “income” emphasizes that the indicator is obtained at the distribution stage, and not as the sum of added values at the production stage.
Quantitatively, gross national income (GNI) is equal to the sum of GDP at market prices plus net income received from economic transactions from abroad, i.e. with the countries of the “rest of the world”.
GNI=GDP+SD (12.12)
where CD is the balance of income from economic activities received from abroad and abroad (the difference between exports and imports of goods and services).
Net national income(NNI) at market prices is determined by subtracting consumption of fixed capital (CFC) from gross national income:
NND = VND-POK. (12.13)
Gross National Product(GNP) - one of the general indicators of the SNA, replaced in the version of the SNA in 1993 by the indicator of gross national income (GNI)
Disposable income(RD) is formed as a result of the distribution and redistribution of income and represents the income that an institutional unit has for final consumption and savings. At market prices, it is equal to the balance of primary income minus income transferred as current transfers plus current transfers received.
The amount of disposable income of resident institutional units is equal to gross national disposable income (VNRD).
Disposable national income(RND) at market prices is the sum of the disposable income of all institutional units (ID) and is equal to NNI plus net current transfers from abroad (i.e. gifts, donations, humanitarian aid, as well as similar redistribution receipts from abroad abroad excluding similar transfers transferred abroad).
Gross disposable income(GDI) is equal to GNI at market prices plus (minus) current transfers received from the “rest of the world” and transferred to the “rest of the world.”
Net disposable income(NVR) is the difference between the VRD and consumption of fixed capital (POK):
VRD=VRD-POK (12.14)
Saving- part of the GFD that is not included in the final consumption of goods and services. In the economic sense, it corresponds to the concept of “accumulation” that has developed in domestic practice. Saving is defined as the difference between the sum of current income and expenses.
Gross Savings(BC) - savings before deduction of consumption of fixed capital, equal to the sum of gross savings of all sectors of the economy.
Gross capital formation (GF) for the economy as a whole includes gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and net acquisition of valuables.
Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) is an indicator characterizing the volume of financial resources temporarily provided by a given country to other countries or temporarily received from them.
Gross profit and gross mixed income are the balancing item of the account:
Education income
Gross value added + net taxes on products are determined by GDP calculated using the method:
Production (YES)
distribution
End use method
Gross value added in the reporting period amounted to 4000 billion. monetary units in current terms, GVA was 1.15. Determine the absolute increase in GVA due to price changes. 4000-(4000/1,15)=521,7
521.7 billion monetary units. (YES)
504.2 billion monetary units
900.7 billion monetary units
204.8 billion monetary units
Gross value added is:
The difference between the gross output of goods and services at basic prices and PP
Gross wages by economic sector in the reporting period Compared to the base, it increased by 11% and amounted to 122.1 billion rubles. Determine the amount of gross wages in the base period. 122,1/1,11=110,0
135.5 billion rubles.
108.7 billion rubles.
110.0 billion rubles YES.
111.1 billion rubles.
VDSost is 12500 billion rubles, net tax on products - 2500 billion, fixed capital requirement 1000 billion. Determine GDP. GDP = GVA + NNP = 12500 + 2500 = 15000
15000
Gross value added in current prices in the reporting period compared with the base one increased by 6.5%, its share in output decreased by 2%. Determine how the cost of production has changed? VP=GVA/d= 1.065/0.98=1.087 or 8.7%
increased by 4.5%
increased by 8.7%. (YES )
increased by 8.6%
increased by 4.4%
Gross domestic product at market prices amounted to 800 billion rubles.; the balance of primary income from one’s own 2, from current transfers from the “rest of the world” - 5 billion rubles; consumption of fixed capital – 90 billion rubles. Determine the country's GNR:
GNRD= GNI+SdoTTom= (GDP+SdoDSom) + SdoTTom= 800+2+5=807
802 billion rubles
807 billion rubles (YES )
805 billion rubles
737 billion rubles
Gross domestic product using the production method is defined as:
A) output at basic prices + net taxes on products – intermediate
consumption at buyer's prices. (YES)
B) Gross capital formation + final consumption expenditures + (export-import)
C) the sum of gross outputs of economic sectors
D) wages of workers + net taxes on production and imports + gross
profit + gross mixed income.
Gross domestic product in the reporting period at current prices amounted to 6000 billion………… Determine absolute. GDP growth per change physical volume and prices.
B(2000;1000) (NO)
B(1000;3500) (NO)
G(2000;1100) (YES)
Gross national income is the balancing item in the account:
Production of goods and services
Primary income distributions (YES)
Capital transactions
Redistribution of income in kind.
Gross domestic product by production method:
output in market prices – industrial consumption in purchase prices
The country's gross national income amounted to 900 billion rubles, consumption fixed capital 120 billion rubles,…………..net taxes on production and imports – 150 billion rubles. Determine the country's net national income. NND=IRR-POK= 900-120=780
750 billion rubles
630 billion rubles
780 billion rubles YES
1020 billion rubles
Gross domestic product by production method determined based on account indicators:
Education Income Account
Production account YES
National disposable income account
Primary income distribution account
Gross domestic product in the base period amounted to 28,140.4 billion rubles, in the reporting period at current prices 36,840 billion rubles. The GDP physical volume index was 110.2%.
Determine the GDP deflator index.
GDP 1 constant c = GDP 0 * Ig = 28140.4*1.102=31010.7
Ip= GDP 1 current c/GDP 1 constant c = 36840/31010.7= 1.188 or 118.8
118.8% (YES)
84,2%
Gross national disposable income amounted to 980 billion rubles, expenses for the supply of goods and services - 300 billion rubles, gross savings - 240 billion rubles, wages of employees 280, consumption of fixed capital - 130 billion rubles. Determine the amount of expenditure on final consumption of services. RKP = VNRD-VS = 980-240 = 740
740 billion rubles YES
680 billion rubles
700 billion rubles
850 billion rubles
Gross national disposable income is defined as:
The amount of gross national income and the balance of current transfers from
"rest of the world" (YES)
Gross national income is determined by: How is the balance of gross primary income of the national . eq.
The gross output of goods and services is at market prices in the base period 20 billion den, in the reporting period -24 billion den. units …..
0.9 billion
Gross fixed capital formation for the reporting year in the economy 79.7 billion rubles; val………69.5 billion rubles; cap balance transfers from the “rest of the world” - plus 1.7 billion rubles; IZMOS – minus 7.9 billion rubles; NPV – 0.1 billion rubles. Determine the value of CHK(CHZ).
RUB 0.7 billion
4.1 billion rubles
143.1 billion rubles.
-16.5 billion rubles. (YES)
9.7 billion rubles.
Gross The country's national income amounted to 900 billion rubles, consumption of fixed capital 120, imports 150 billion rubles. Determine the country's NNI. NND= IRR-POK= 900-120=780
780 billion
1020 billion
Shaft accumulation main. capital for the year's report according to the ek-ke comp. CU 797 million, savings bank – 695 million cu, balance of capital transfer from the rest of the world - 17 million cu, change in inventories of mat. collected funds - minus CU 79 million, net acquisition of land and other nemat. Assets – CU 0.5 million Def. the value of CHK(CHZ).
695+17-797-0,5+79= -6,5
−6.5 million rub.YES
Amount of payment labor of workers amounted to 27.5 trillion in the country's economy in the reporting period. rub., taxes on production
63,6
Gross output at market prices in the reporting period at current prices is 27,000 billion den. units, interim consumption in purchase prices – 17,000 billion den. units Prices for output in the report increased by 15% compared to the base, prices for intermediate goods increased by 20%. Gross domestic product was determined in the reporting period in constant prices using the double deflation method.
27000/1.15=23478.3 17000/1.2= 14166.7 GDP 1= GDPconstant c. – PPconstant c = 23478.3-14166.7=9311.6
9,311.6 billiond.e. YES
Gross output in the reporting period in current in prices is equal to 50 billion den. units, in post prices 47 billion den. units. The physical volume index of gross output is 1.15.....
0,92
Statistics uses as a source of population data:
A) population correspondence
B) current accounting of natural and migration movements of the population
C) sample and special demographic surveys
D) registers and various lists (registrations) of the population
A B C D
During the year 10 thousand people were born per year, 9 thousand died, the average annual population of the mountains was 333 thousand people... Definition of coffee growth of the city = (10-9)/333*1000=3,003
3,003
In the reporting period, compared to the base period, the volume of GDP increased by 8.2%, with a decrease in the advance of resources by 2.2% How did the efficiency of using the advance of resources change (in%):
1.082/0.978=1.106 or increased. by 10.6%
Increased by 10.6
In the reporting period, compared to the baseline, the population increased by 1.8%, and the number of employees decreased by 0.4%. Determine how the employment level of the entire population has changed: 1.018*0.996= 1.014 or increased. 1.4%
Increased by 1.39%
Increased by 102.2%
Increased by 2.2%
Increased by 1.4%
Output of goods and services in the reporting period compared with the base increased…………employees decreased by 0.5%. How has labor productivity changed……….
Decreased by 1.9%
Increased by 1.9% (NO)
Increased by 7.8%
Increased by 2.9%
Output at basic prices + net product taxes– intermediate consumption is determined by the indicator:
Gross domestic product ( YES)
Gross National Income
Gross national disposable income
Gross adjusted disposable income
GDP deflator character of the change in the economy as a whole of the reporting period compared to the base:
A) the cost of goods and services;
B) physical V goods and services
B) prices for resident producers
G) ………..
Natural population growth over the period the period can be defined as:
A+ (difference between the number of births and the number of deaths)
Natural population growth is equal to:
Net acquisition of valuables, land and other non-productive assets
What indicatorsreflected
in “Resource Usage” the usage account location d/x
A ) expenditure on final consumption of goods and services
B) gross saving
B) remuneration of workers
D) intermediate consumption of goods and services
D) taxes on products
What indicators are reflected in the “Use of Resources” (assets) of the capital account?
net acquisition of valuable land and other non-productive assets
gross fixed capital formation
change in inventories
Which statistical indicators are reflected on the “Use” side of the national use account. location income? RKP agricultural sector for final consumption and aircraft
1) b, d, d, f
What prices are used to calculate the dynamics of the physical volume of goods and services?
Current prices of the base period
What indicatorreflected
in “Resources” usage account adjusted disposable income:
Adjusted Gross Disposable Income (DA)
Remuneration of employees
Intermediate consumption of goods and services
Gross domestic product
What indicator is reflected in the “Resources” account for the use of disposable income:
Gross national disposable income
Which of the following items is balancing in the production account? for the economy as a whole?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
What is the balancing item in the capital account?
Net lending or net borrowing
What indicator is the balancing item in the income generation account for the republic?
Gross profit and gross mixed income
Which indicator is the balancing item in the income use accounts?
Gross Savings
The migration population growth rate is calculated as:
A) the sum of arrival and departure coefficients
B) difference between the rate of arrival and departure of the population
C) the ratio of migration growth to total population growth for the year,
multiplied by 1000
G) the ratio of migration population growth to the average annual population, multiplied by……..
B,G (YES)
B, C
Those employed in the economy include:
A) employees working in organizations of all forms of ownership
b) persons employed in peasant (farmer) households
c) individual entrepreneurs and persons employed by them
G) employed in personal subsidiary farming
ABC YES
The financial assets of a country include the elements (select from the list):
Loans issued to other countries
Loans received from other countries
Deposits of country residents in foreign banks
Deposits of residents of other countries in banks of the country
Shares of foreign enterprises owned by residents of the country
Shares of the country's enterprises owned by residents of other countries
Taxes on products amounted to 210 billion den. units, taxes on production 25 billion den units, subsidies for production and imports 75 billion den units. Determine the amount of taxes on production and imports. NprI=NPr+drNPriz= 210+25=235
235
billion den. ed YES
At the beginning of the year, fixed assets were in full. 750 billion, residual 680 billion….. Non-financial productive assets of the country……
960 ???
At the beginning of the year, the company's assets amounted to: billion rubles Non-financial production assets – 340, nave unpronounced assets – 250, Finnish. Assets – 80, net Finnish. Act. (excl. obs.) – 20. National. God. countries comp., billion rubles 340+250+20=610
610
At the beginning of the year, the total initial cost of fixed assets of the industry was 210 billion rubles, the amount of depreciation was 80 billion rubles During the year, the post is new based on 30
13,3
At the beginning of the year, the remaining cost of the industry's capital assets was: 200 billion. Over the course of the year, new fixed assets amounted to 20 billion rubles, and the full value of 10 billion rubles was withdrawn. basically 80%. The amount of depreciation for the year is 18 billion rubles. The balance at the end of the year amounted to, billion rubles? 200+20-10-18= 192
192
At the beginning of the year, the full replacement cost of fixed assets………. 800 billion rubles; depreciation coefficient of fixed assets (coefficient……… 18%...... The amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the beginning of the year was …….
144 (YES)
44444
At the beginning of the year, the full initial cost of the OS(funds) of the industry amounted to 210 billion rubles. During the year, new operating systems were received for 30 billion rubles, and 15 billion rubles were disposed of. The total initial cost of fixed assets at the end of the year will be, billion rubles:
225 (YES)
255
At the beginning of the year, the full initial cost of fixed assets(funds) of the industry amounted to 210 billion rubles. During the year, new fixed assets were received for 30 billion rubles, and disposed of at full cost for 15 billion rubles. The retirement rate of fixed assets for the year was: 15/210=7,1
7,1%
At the beginning of the year, the total cost of the industry's operating system was 220 ml, the amount of wear and tear was 70 ml, During the year, new OS for 40 ml arrived, 25 ml went out of stock, OS shelf life coefficient at the beginning of the year was:
75,9
The definition is full of first aid. OS cost per year = (220+70)+40-25=305
National wealth (NB) of the country in accordance with the methodology of the system national accounts as:
A) NB = non-financial assets minus financial assets minus non-financial liabilities plus financial liabilities.
B) NB = the sum of all economic assets of the country
IN) NB= non-financial assets plus financial assets minus financial obligations (YES)
D) NB = volume of annual gross domestic product
Intangible non-productive non-financial assets include: NatsBogat
Licenses, copyrights, patents, lease agreement
Nominal holding profit from storing the asset amounted to RUB 300 million., neutral holding profit RUB 240 million. determine the real holding profit (loss) million rubles
Real=Nom-neutr=300-240=60
60 (YES)
60
Nominal cash incomes of the population in the reporting period amounted to 18,500 and increased compared to the base by 15%. The consumer price index for goods and services amounted to 145%. Determine the real income of the population for both periods: 18500/1,45=12758,6 16087/1,45=11094,5
19868 and 13944.8 (NO)
17494 and 24331 (NO)
22682 and 12758.6
16087 and 12758.6
Nominal wages of individual sectors of the economy are determined by the average number:
a) gross wages, including actual social security contributions
insurance
b) wage fund
c) wages
d) primary income (NO)
Nominal disposable income of the population increased by 4 million. in the reporting period compared to the base one by 1.8 times. The consumer price index was 150%
0,46
Nominal disposable income of the population in the base period amounted to CU 150 billion. and increased by 8% in the reporting period. The population decreased by 0.5%. The consumer price index for goods and services was 1.152. Determine the Index of real locations. income per capita? 150+8%=162/150=1,08/1,152=09375/0,995=94,2
94.2% yes
93,8%
The total annual birth rate of the population is calculated as:
A) the ratio of natural population growth to the average annual number
C) the ratio of the annual number of births to the number of deaths per year, multiplied by .....
D) the difference between the coefficients of natural increase and the total
Mortality rate……..
A, B B, C B, D C, D
Payment of workers can be represented as the product of GDP and the share of workers' compensation in GDP. By what percentage will pond payments increase if GDP increases by 5% and the share of labor compensation in GDP increases by 2%. Neg= 1.05*1.02=1.071 7.1
7,0%
Determine the value of OTR in the reporting period if in the base period it amounted to 400 billion rubles, the value of GDP increased in the reporting period compared to the base period by 5%, and the share of compensation of workers (OTR) in GDP increased by 2% Neg= 1.05*1.02=1.071 7.1 400+7.1%=428.4
428.4 billion (DA) negative = d*GDP
411.6 billion
Determine the amount of gross savings in the reporting period, if in the base period it amounted to 500 billion rubles....compared to the base period by 2.9%.
514.5 billion rubles. (YES) 490.0 billion rubles. RUB 525.0 billion 627.6 billion rubles.
Determine the amount of net lending or net borrowing according to the following data, trillion rubles: gross savings in the country's economy 14.0; capital transfers transferred to the “rest of the world” - 0.5; and those received from the “rest of the world” - 1.2; gross accumulation – 18.9. CHZ= BC+CTpol-CTper-VN= 14+1.2-0.5-18.9= - 4.2
4.2 trillion rubles. -5.6 trillion rub. - 4.2 trillion rubles.. (YES) 5.6 trillion rubles. 33.6 trillion rubles.
Determine the amount of net lending or borrowing as follows. Data: shafts. sber – 140, count…. - 12…
3) 147
Determine the amount of capital transfers, received from the “rest of the world”, if the resource capital is only 100 billion, the value is 76 billion. KTpol=Cobr-VS=100-76=24
24 billion
Determine the total absolute increase in gross savings in reporting period for...it is known that in the base period the savings amounted to 500 billion rubles. and increased...basic by 2.9% 500*2,9%=14,5
14.5 billion rubles ( YES) 250 billion rubles. 145 billion rubles 25 billion rubles
Determine the absolute increase in industry output in the reporting period period compared to the base period, due to changes in the number of workers, provided that the number of workers in the industry increased over the period from 320 thousand people to 326 thousand people, and the labor productivity of workers in the base period amounted to 52 million. (326-320)*52=312
300 280 316 312
Conversion of GDP into comparable (constant) prices using the extrapolation method is carried out by:
Multiplying GDP at current prices for the base period by the physical index
volume of output of goods and services
The capital productivity indicator of fixed assets is calculated as:
The ratio of annual production volume to the average annual cost of fixed assets
funds
The labor productivity indicator is calculated as:
Ratio of annual production volume to average headcount
workers
Index intermediate consumption in the reporting period: 6200 million; the share of industrial consumption in the output of goods and services at basic prices is 45%. Determine gross value added:
(620/0,45)-620=7577,8
7577,8
The full initial cost of fixed assets (funds) at the end of the year is determined as:
A) Full initial cost at the beginning of the year plus receipts for
full original cost minus full disposal
original cost.
B) Full initial cost at the beginning of the year minus receipts for
full original cost minus full disposal
initial cost minus annual amount of depreciation
deductions.
C) Residual value at the beginning of the year plus proceeds
residual value minus disposal at residual value plus
annual amount of depreciation charges. (NO)
D) Residual value at the beginning of the year plus receipts from residual
cost minus disposal at residual value minus annual amount
depreciation charges.
What formula can be used to determine the magnitude of the absolute change in GDP under the influence of………….capital productivity?
∆GDP= GDP 0 * I, * I….. − 1
∆GDP= GDP 0 * I….. − 1 (NO)
∆GDP= GDP 0 * (I, − 1)
For the country's economy at the end of the year, the residual recovery value……….4600 billion rubles, the value of other non-financial assets of the economy – 2100 billion rubles………….3600 billion rubles, financial liabilities – 400 billion rubles. National wealth…….
6660 (YES)
13500
Labor productivity increased by 8%, and the number of employees decreased by 2%. Indicate the correct method….. 1.08*0.98
1.08 * 0.98 (YES)
8-2
Intermediate consumption is:
A) The cost of all products and market services consumed during
period for the purpose of producing other products and services. (YES)
B) Cost of wholesale and retail trade services
C) Cost of products sold externally
D) The value of property income received by financial institutions.
Real incomes of the population increased in the reporting period compared to the base one by 1.2 times. Per capita milk consumption increased…..the population decreased by 1.3% in the reporting period compared to the base period. Determine the elasticity coefficient of average ..... milk consumption from the level of average per capita income.
2,0 0,9 0.5 (NO) 0,46
Adjusted gross disposable income amounted to RUB 980 billion; expenditure on intermediate consumption of goods...; final consumption of goods and services – 740 billion rubles; remuneration of workers – 280 billion rubles; consumption of fixed capital…. Gross Savings:
240 billion rubles
700 billion rubles
680 billion rubles (NO)
850 billion rubles
Adjusted gross disposable income is RUB 980 billion, expenses for intermediate consumption of goods and services 300 billion rubles, wages of workers 240 billion rubles, consumption of fixed capital 130 billion rubles. Find the amount of net savings
RUB 110 billion
RUB 680 billion
Social transfers in kind are - :
A) final consumption expenses of state public institutions and non-profit organizations providing services to the population
non-market services.
B) final consumption expenditures of state public institutions and non-profit organizations providing services to the population
individual non-market services and the volume of provision......in kind.
C) Cost of non-market government services provided to the population
D) the cost of social benefits and services provided to the population by NPOs.
Average per capita income increased. From 800 to 1000 rubles, and the average. Expenses on food products from 400 to 520 rubles. Determine the elasticity of food costs depending on cash income.
1,20 ???
0,96 ????
0,86
The average annual number of employed in the region was 1200 thousand people in 2004, and 1350 in 2005. The number of unemployed people at the beginning of the year was 24 thousand people in 2004, 20 thousand people in 2005, 21.1 thousand in 2006. Def index ur unemployed in %
2004: (24+20)/2=22 EAN0=22+1200=1222 Ub2004=22/1222*100=1.8
2005: (21.1+20)/2=20.55 EAN1=20.55+1350=1370.55 Ub2005=20.55/1370.55*100=1.5
Index= 1.5/1.8*100=83.3% ?
74,5
The average annual population of the region in the base year was 890 thousand people.; in the reporting period – 880 thousand people; economically active population – 506 thousand people and 512 thousand people. respectively. The unemployment rate during this period increased by 105.3%. Determine by what percentage the unemployment rate increased?
Increased by 202.9%
Increased by 4.05% (NO)
Increased by 104.05%
Increased by 102.9%
The average annual population of the region in the reporting year was: 840.0 thousand people, of which 310.0 thousand people are employed in the economy, 5.5 thousand people are unemployed. Determine the coefficient. Employment of the entire population of the region and the unemployment rate (in %). 310/840=36.9 and 5.5/310=1.77
36.9 and 1.77
The average level of labor productivity of workers in the economies of the countries amounted to in the base year 310, and in the reporting year 336 million rubles/person. Behind ………. labor productivity in each industry average productivity………. structure of the number of employees with different levels of productivity:
Increased by 8.4% (NO)
Decreased by 1.7%
Increased by 1.9%
The standardized index can be measured within:
1) from 0 to infinity
2) from -1 to +1
3) from 1 to 100%
4) from 0 to 1
The production account refers to:
To current accounts (YES)
To a group of savings accounts
Foreign economic relations accounts
Increase in production volume, which institutional units indicates the development of ………….economy:
Corporations
Non-profit organizations
Government institutions
Households
Specify indicators... fixed assets (funds)
Arrival rate
Attrition rate
Renewal factor
Indicate which of the following economic sectors produces final consumption expenditures:
Government agencies
Indicate which sectors of the economy are involved in the actual final consumption of goods and services:
Government agencies
Non-profit
Home/household
Specify the formula by which the change is determined product output………….labor productivity.
∆V = V 0 L 0 *(L 0 -1)
∆V = V 0 L 1 *(L 0 -1) (YES)
∆B = B 1 L 1 *(L 1 -1)
Indicate the balancing item of the production account for the sector “Non-financial organizations»:
Gross value added
Gross profit and gross mixed income
Gross Domestic Product (NO)
Release of goods and services
Intermediate consumption
Indicate which indicator is the balancing item in the production account at the level of individual industries and sectors of the economy:
Gross value added
Indicate which of the following processes reflects the capital account:
Accumulation of non-financial assets
Indicate which of the following processes reflects the income generation account:Creation of primary income
Please indicate what indicator is the balancing item of production at the level of individual industries and sectors of the economy :
A (output of goods and conditions in basic prices) B (GDP) B (GVA) YES G (PP)
Specify the indicator obtained by multiplying the hourly average labor productivity of one………..
Average daily labor productivity (DA)
Average working day
Volume of production per day by all employees
Indicate what indicators gross capital formation includes?
Changes in inventories;
Gross Savings
Net lending or net borrowing
Gross fixed capital formation
Net acquisition of valuables, land and other non-productive assets
The unemployment rate is calculated as the ratio of the number of unemployed, registered with labor, employment and social protection authorities to:
a) average annual population
b) the number of economically active population
c) number of employees
d) the size of the working population
The salary fund increased in the reporting period compared to the base by 10.5%, the average annual number of employees increased by 6.8%. The purchasing power of the ruble decreased by 12%. Determine the indices of average nominal and real wages:
(1,105/1,068)*100=103,5*0,88=91,1
103,5%; 91,1%
Population region at the beginning of 2011 amounted to 1,435.1 thousand people. At the end of 2011 – 1,433.1 thousand people. For 2011 17,187 people were born, 19,265 people died. Determine the coefficient of natural increase (loss). Ke=(birth-died)/average year= (17187-19265)/(1435.1+1433.1)/2= -1.4
12,0% 13,4% -1.4% (YES) 2,5%
The number of city labor resources in the first half of the reporting year was (thousand people)………..
3) 58.6 thousand people; 57.8 thousand people; 58.2 thousand people
The economically active population includes the number of:
A) employed in the economy
b) unemployed people registered with labor authorities. employment and social protection
c) students and pupils (with a break from production)
d) working population
A A, B (YES) ABC ABVG
Net value added is 10,000 billion monetary units, net taxes on products – 2,500 billion monetary units. Consumption of basic….
Determine gross domestic product:
NPV=GVA-POK GDP=GVA+CNpr=NPV +POK+CNpr=10000+,+2500=13500
16,540 billion monetary units
12,500 billion monetary units
13,500 billion monetary units (YES)
11,140 billion monetary units
Net acquisition of valuables, land and other non-productive assets are determined:
A) As the difference between the cost of acquiring assets and their disposal
B) As the difference between the cost of acquired assets and the consumption of capital assets.
C) As the difference between the cost of acquired assets and obligations (liabilities)
D) As the difference between the cost of assets and subsidies for their consumption
Net domestic product 14000, PP-8500, POK-1500, Release in r.ts.-?
GDP=NPP+POK=14000+1500=15500, Vrts=GDP+PP=15500+8500=2400024000 YES